this special issue analyses the methods by which the various aspects of religious tradition and heritage are transmitted, in particular but not exclusively in Catholic milieus, by enlarging the perspective relative to educational institutions.

This dossier sets out to examine the pathways of young people who have left school without obtaining at least a school-leaving qualification. Beyond these situations which are institutionally termed "dropping out", it is their pathways which are analysed here, based on surveys conducted with these young people.

This issue of Repères focuses on popularisation and its dissemination in a context where the teaching and learning of French is the subject of heterogeneous discourses. The question of popularisation is approached in terms of transmission, interpretation and appropriation, and through its role as an instrument of the professional culture of teacher

History of education is a rich field of study whose outlines vary and retrospective analysis may contribute to strengthening critical thinking. The articles in this special issue work towards this by studying research in this field and its evolution in France, Spain, Britain, Portugal and the Baltic States.

Research on the scientific and technological education of very young pupils has been developing significantly in recent years in France and in other countries. However, this research is still limited compared to that on older pupils. The articles provide some answers in these three directions, and also point to questions that are still open;

2020 was a special year in many ways: Covid-19, but also the strong mobilization against the Research Programming Law in France. It was important for us to make a mobilized issue that would report on what happened during this unusual year.

This issue focuses on the question of learning in higher education by using methods and concepts from the sociology of work. This heuristic perspective seeks to make visible all the activities and dimensions of student work. This approach focuses on their practices, their own rationales, which may or may not lead to success.

The aim of the texts gathered here is to study the way in which the evaluation of professionalisation in training systems is carried out, particularly in the field of teacher training.