This volume of Repères focuses on teaching objects and learning subjects in pre-primary education. Faced with the lowering of the age of compulsory education in several French-speaking countries, and in a context of emerging expectations concerning language and linguistic learning and entry into the written word, it points to new developments in research. A greater adaptation of teaching and didactic practices to the diversity of pupils, notably through the use of picture books, including multilingual ones, and language activities to promote narrative skills and access to text comprehension, is thus highlighted. The role of oral and written language is explored, with tried-and-tested dedicated devices and didactic engineering designed and/or implemented with teachers to support pupils' early learning. Particular attention is also paid to multimodal interactions and the analysis of teaching practices, with a focus on the conditions of knowledge appropriation and the challenges of adjustment for teachers.